What could potentially cause defective condenser operation?

Dirty cooling water can significantly impair the operation of a condenser, as it affects the heat exchange process vital for the condenser's performance. When the cooling water is contaminated with debris, minerals, or other impurities, it can reduce the overall heat transfer efficiency. This buildup can create thermal barriers that prevent heat from being efficiently carried away, resulting in higher condensation temperatures and potentially leading to inadequate condensation of the vapor being processed.

As a result, the condenser may struggle to maintain the necessary operating conditions, potentially causing fluctuations in pressure and temperature that lead to defective performance. Proper maintenance and regular cleaning of the condenser and the cooling water system are essential to ensure optimal operation and avoid issues related to dirty cooling water.

Other options, while they might present challenges in different contexts, do not directly address the efficiency of thermal exchange within the condenser as critically as dirty cooling water does.